In May, scientists revealed that infrared emissions above the epicenter increased dramatically in the days before the devastating earthquake in Japan
12月30日：自然と謙虚に向き合う 震災と日本人（中日）
福島第一原発の重大事故は、放射能汚染を中心に真の収束には程遠い。この事故で原発安全神話は、まじめな研究者の警告を無視、国、電力会社、一部の学者が作り上げたことが暴露された。
良心的な地震研究者の成果は、原発の安全神話とは無縁である。しかし、事実が想定を超えたり仮説が反証されたら、それを受け止めて新しいデータの収集や解釈を進め、現状で可能な見通しを示すのが正しい科学のあり方である。破綻した仮説にしがみつけば、新しい神話を生みかねない。
12月28日：The future of earthquake prediction? (Japan Times)
Skeptics abound but professor claims breakthrough in research
――政府は地震発生予測を確率で示しています。
揺れの予測を確率で表した地図をどう評価していいか私もわからない。政府がしっかり説明しないといけないが、簡単に説明できない。理解できないものをもらってもしかたない。
（中略）
文部科学省地震・防災研究課の寺田博幹課長の話 阪神大震災後、防災に役立てるために、どこでどんな地震の可能性があるか、長期的な評価を始めた。地震が繰り返す間隔や、前の地震からの経過時間がわかると、次の地震がどれくらい迫っているのか確率で表すことができる。確率は一つの表現で、活動間隔や前の地震が起きた時期も発表している。
各地が強い揺れに襲われる確率を示した地図も公表している。わかりにくいと思う人もいるかもしれないが、地震保険、企業や自治体などでは使われており、問い合わせもくる。
東日本大震災後、海溝型の地震について、予測手法を見直している。表現法も検討中だ。すべての人にわかりやすい表現法があれば使いたいが、むずかしい。
12月20～22日：2011 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration
Earthquake prediction by integrated measurements of electromagnetic phenomena
Prof. Masashi Hayakawa
12月20日：地震及び火山噴火予知のための観測研究計画再検討委員会（第2回）（測地学分科会）
電磁気グループいわゆる CA グループは力武常次先生の統括のもと研究を進めていたが、１９７０年代に力武先生が渡米されグループは極めて困難な状況に陥った。当時すでに地震予知研究計画は実施されていた。しかし現在グループが実施している構造探査などの研究は含まれていなかった。唯一含まれていたのは、力武先生の指導のもと山崎氏がいわゆる山崎メータを用いて実施していた神奈川県油壺における凝灰岩の比抵抗連続観測のみであった。その他の観測研究を地震予知研究計画の中に取り込むことを計っても「電磁気は地震予知に役立たない」といって取り合って貰えない状態であった。「地震予知計画は事業であるから実績のあるものだけが採り上げられている。計画に組み込まれるためには科研費などで成果を挙げる必要がある」との事であった。
既に国際的な取り組みが始まっている「宇宙天気予報」ですが、日常あまり聞きなれないかもしれません。今回は、宙空領域という、近い将来訪れるかもしれない人類の生活圏に焦点をあて、宙空環境の調査研究を行っている研究機関をご紹介します。
12月６日：Cloudy with a chance of earthquakes (AGUblog)
Some earthquakes occur underneath abnormally warm patches of atmosphere that form just hours or days before the Earth starts to rumble, according to preliminary reports from American and Russian scientists.
While geophysicist Dimitar Ouzounov of Chapman University in Orange, Calif., and colleagues have not yet succeeded in predicting earthquakes, they have linked past earthquakes to thermal and electromagnetic changes in the air.
Although reports of possible precursory phenomena exist - for instance, IR
heating of the atmosphere above the source region several days before
the event and anomalous total-electron readings of the ionosphere
preceding the earthquake - no clear deformational precursor has emerged
from analyses of the geodetic and seismic data sets.
12月２日：ESA's space weather station Proba-2 tracks stormy Sun (ESA)
Results will also be cross-checked with France’s Demeter satellite, which sought ionospheric disturbance caused by seismic activity – a potential method of predicting earthquakes. Proba-2 and Demeter flew in similar orbits before the French satellite ended its mission last year.
12月１日：How animals predict earthquakes (BBC)
Now, NASA's Vector Electric Field Instrument (VEFI) aboard the U.S. Air Force's Communications/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite has detected Schumann resonance from space. This comes as a surprise, since current models of Schumann resonance predict these waves should be caged at lower altitude, between the ground and a layer of Earth's atmosphere called the ionosphere.
This discovery led to years of testing at different location and observing precursors for dozens of events using data from both low altitude satellites and GPS sourced signals.
Although there were no ground stations with data communications for alerting, using archived data, Kunitsyn was able to show strong precursors using the data from the Sumatra and Chile earthquakes.
As a result, a patent was granted in 2009 by the U.S. patent office for this methodology.
Kunitsyn, Rekenthaler and a team of scientists are currently working on the Beta version of the first operational US prediction system. Stations located in Redmond, WA; Scappose, OR; Medford, OR; San Lorenzo, CA and Mr. Wilson, CA are currently set up and operational.
The author also analyzed GPS records from previous earthquakes and found that similar ionospheric anomalies occurred before the 2010 Mw 8.8 Chile earthquake and possibly the 2004 Sumatra Mw 9.2 earthquake and the 1994 Mw 8.3 Hokkaido earthquake, but TEC enhancements were not seen before smaller earthquakes.
In Peru itself is science and research. Is the case of Radio Astronomy
Institute (NAFRI) led by Dr. Jorge Heraud , just published in the prestigious international journal Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences research ("Co-seismic luminescence in Lima") on the luminosity that is observed during the earthquake in Pisco, 2007.
Currently working on several interesting projects with advanced technology, such as building a satellite and the installation of the first telescope 20 meters in diameter, made from 100% Peruvian scientists and technicians.
Among the projects undertaken by the NAFRI are "Peru Magneto", which seeks to anticipate earthquakes, PUCP-SAT-1, for the development, launch and operate satellites, and radio astronomy, with the construction of radio telescopes in the campus university.
Any good seismologist will recognize the limitations of earthquake prediction. But the study of earthquakes should include the tracking down and investigation of all the different signals that Earth produces before a catastrophic rupture. If seismologists can't do it alone, can't we do it collectively across disciplines?
Russia and Ukraine have agreed to carry out a joint project in space exploration industry.
Called ‘Ionosat’, the project is aimed to help scholars in exploring the Earth`s ionosphere, the head of the Russian-based Institute of Earth magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio waves of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladimir Kuznetsov, said during an international conference in Moscow.
Satellites, which are expected to be used as part of the ‘Ionosat’ project, will help scientists improve existing quake alert systems. (TASS, Interfax)
10月４～５日：World Electrotechnical Congress 2011
Seismo Electromagnetics as a frontier of Radio Science
Speaker: N.V. Korovkin, Doctor of Engineering, Professor, Department Chairman, Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University (Russia)
Соавтор: M.Hayakawa, Professor, Telecommunications University of Tokyo, Wireless Communication Research Centre, Seismo Electromagnetics Research Station (Japan)
劉正彦教授は台湾の大気科学者、宇宙科学者、国立中央大学宇宙科学研究所の所長で、現在国立中央大学宇宙科学研究所と宇宙・リモートセンシング研究センターで教員を務めます。主に電離層物理と宇宙物理、特に電離層の変化と地震の関係を研究しています。彼は2007年から北京工業大学地震研究所と研究協力を始め、台湾で5セットの超低周音波観測システムをインストールし、2年近くの全地球の大地震前に超低周音波の異常信号を記録しました；劉教授の指導により、今年地震研究所は国際学界に影響がある定期刊行物《Asian Journal of Earth Sciences》に（SCI索引）２つの学術論文を発表しました。今後、劉正彦教授は人材育成と科学研究の方面で引き続きを北京工業大学の発展のために貢献します。
Student satellite initiatives have sprung up in universities across India over the past few years and one may be inclined to believe that this is just another project in line with the rest. However when this group of pioneers, barely out of their teens, got together one and a half years ago they had something different in mind – to build a small satellite and use it for a ‘socially relevant scientific experiment’. Recent studies dating back to less than a decade have shown a probable correlation between earthquakes and high energy particle bursts in the ionosphere.
今年3月11日本外海規模9.0強烈地震所引發的海嘯震驚全世界，中央大學太空科學研究所劉正彥教授團隊研究發現，在地震發生7分鐘之後，距離地表350公里的太空中電離層同樣產生劇烈變化產生了「太空海嘯」，證實了「同震效應」。劉正彥透過台灣與日本綿密的GPS資料，以及國人自行開發的軟體分析，領先全球鎖定海嘯生成位置，傳播情形更是一覽無遺。研究成果刊登在今年6月28日的地球物理頂尖期刊《地球物理研究》(Journal of Geophysical Research)。
That's the advice from Dr Neil Whitehead who, after the 7.1 earthquake in Darfield on September 4, 2010, researched whether there were real precursors of the event.
A website was set up, and survey categories based on similar previous studies in Kobe, Japan, and Izmit, Turkey, were selected. Kiwis were invited to offer their observations at chchquake.co.nz.
Christchurch people helped with several hundred replies to the internet survey, he says.
"Their detailed time reports allowed statistical tests to be done and establish for the first time that animal responses in particular were real and not just due to selective reporting. Their reporting of earthquake lights was also in unprecedented detail," Whitehead says.
９月２日：GPSで空を見ていたら・・・（国立天文台談話会）
Recently, Dr. Upendra Desai, retired scientist from NASA Goddard Space Flight center , visited IIT Madras. He spent two weeks with the students to help them out in various design challenges of high energy particle detector. The launch date of the satellite is tentatively fixed around mid-2013 as of now.
８月29日：今度はいつですか 「次々に当てる」地震解析業者に聞く（週刊現代）
The 1st China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite and its GNSS & Three-frequency Transmitter onboard
Xuhui Shen, Institute of Earthquake Science, CEA, China
８月４日：地震に関連する電離圏擾乱～最近の研究の紹介と東北地方太平洋沖地震事例紹介～（惑星科学研究センター）
The giant 11 March 2011 magnitude 9 Tohoku earthquake not only shook the Earth and caused devastating tsunamis but also rattled the ionosphere, according to a new study. The surface seismic waves and tsunamis triggered waves in the atmosphere. These atmospheric waves propagated upward into the ionosphere, creating ripples in ionized gas nearly 350 kilometers above the Earth.
Liu et al. measured these disturbances, called seismotraveling ionospheric disturbances (STID), using GPS receivers in Japan. The first disturbance appeared as a disk-shaped increase in electron density in the ionosphere about 7 minutes after the earthquake. Sequences of concentric waves of increased electron density then traveled from the STID center. Similar ionospheric disturbances have been observed following other earthquakes, but these were the largest ever seen, the authors report.
J-S09 Electromagnetic Studies of Earthquakes, Active Faulting and Tsunamis
M. Johnston T. Harinarayana
J-S10 Electromagnetic studies of active processes using space technology
M. Parrot Y. Hobara
J-S11 Imaging and monitoring active volcanoes and geothermal fields by ElectroMagnetic (EM) and other geophysical techniques
J. Zlotnicki
J-S12 Towards short-term earthquake prediction - Electromagnetic and other possible precursors and their generation mechanisms
T. Nagao
電磁気現象を用いた地震予知の可能性
A Possibility of Earthquake Prediction by Means of Electromagnetic Effects
早川正士(電気通信大、早川地震電磁気研究所), 芳原容英(電気通信大), 安田好広(早川地震電磁気研究所), 山口弘輝(インフォメーションシステムズ)
６月23日：Natural time analysis of critical phenomena (PNAS)
Panayiotis Varotsos, Nicholas V. Sarlis, Efthimios S. Skordas, Seiya Uyeda, and Masashi Kamogawa
地震予知とは「いつ」「どこで」「どの程度の大きさか」という３つの要素を、高精度ではじき出し、発生前に知らせることを言います。
しかし現状は、過去の地震資料や古文書、活断層の調査や津波の痕跡物などを基に調査し、文部科学省の「地震調査研究推進本部」が「今後何十年もの間に巨大地震が発生する確率はこれくらいではないか」と、政府公式の長期評価を出すのがやっとなのです。
例えば、宮城県沖で起きる地震は平均３７年周期で起きています。前回発生は１９７８年６月で、すでに３３年が経過したので、「今後３０年間でほぼ確実に起きる」と言ってきました。東大地震研究所ではマグニチュード（Ｍ）７・５前後の宮城県沖地震の発生確率は２０００年時点で９９％としましたが、Ｍ７・５の想定を大幅に超えるＭ９・０の巨大地震が起きました。震源地も想定していなかった三陸沖中部（岩手県沖）から茨城県沖までの広範囲でした。
３月１１日の東日本大震災では、地震予知の３要素のうち、少なくとも「どこで」「どの程度の大きさか」が外れてしまいました。地震学、地震予知というものは残念ながら、皆さんの想像よりも幼稚で、原始的なものなのです。
６月17日：Earthquake Prediction From Space (SSTL)
The challenge then, is to detect these changes in the ionosphere; and this is where SSTL hopes to be able to help. In 2012, we will be flying an experiment on a mission called TechDemoSat-1 which should be able to measure these variations in the ionosphere. It will do this using antennas designed to pick up signals from the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites as they are “setting” below the horizon from the point of view of TechDemoSat-1, which will be in a low Earth orbit, just a few hundred kilometres above the surface.
６月16日：Skepticism for claims of earthquake predictability (SFGate)
Russian scientist Dimitar Ouzounov says stresses on the Earth's crust leading up to a quake cause gases like radon to escape into the atmosphere -- 100 miles above the Earth they ionize and create heat that is detectable by satellites. Ouzounov's team says out of 24 quakes in Japan of magnitude 7 or greater, all showed the same atmospheric signals beforehand. （中略）
The NASA Russian team's data on the 24 Japan quakes will be released late this year.
実用的地震予知に大きな発展が期待される地震電磁気学の第一人者である電気通信大学先端ワイアレスコミュニケーション研究センター特任教授 早川正士氏に 世界における地震の短期予知の現状と課題について講演いただきます。早川氏は、神戸地震後に日本政府が実施した地震総合フロンティア計画で電磁気現象を用いた地震予知の可能性を研究して幾多の成果を上げられるとともに、地震電磁気研究分野で国際的研究活動をリードされてきました。
５月18日：Atmosphere Above Japan Heated Rapidly Before M9 Earthquake (Technology Review)
Infrared emissions above the epicenter increased dramatically in the days before the devastating earthquake in Japan, say scientists. [arXiv:1105.2841]
MUMBAI: Pratham, the Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay's student satellite project, crossed an important milestone recently with the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) giving the 'go ahead' for firming up its launch date. Speaking to The Times of India on Sunday at the conclusion of the fourth and final Pratham ground station workshop, project manager Jhonny Santosh Jha said the satellite will be launched on board the four-stage Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) in all probability between September and December 2011.
He said the chances are that Pratham will piggyback on the 450kg Indo-French Saral satellite. With a four-month lifespan, the role of the Rs 1.5-crore 10kg Pratham will be to measure what is known as the "total electron count of the ionosphere."Once launched it will be placed in the 817-km polar sun synchronous orbit.
Two months on from the earthquake and tsunami that hit their country on 11 March, five Japanese seismologists reflect on what they have learned from it so far.
５月10日：国家科学委員会が地震前兆監視測定研究を統合（台日科学技術情報）
東日本大震災は大地震の予測が極めて難しい現実をあらためて浮き彫りにした。発生後に詳細な観測データや原因が分かっても、起きてしまった震災の被害拡大を防げない。それならば前兆と呼ばれる自然現象を研究し、避難など対策の時間をできるだけ多く確保する短期予知を試みることはできないだろうか。国家や研究者らが取り組む最先端の短期予知の現状を探った。（２回連載）
５月６日：Portents of earthquakes (RUVR)
Russian and foreign experts will study the signs of earthquakes together. On the European part, the participants in the project are Germany, Italy and Turkey; NASA, representing the USA, and Greece are associated members. Russian science is represented by the Russian Space Systems company, the Fedorov Institute of Applied Geophysics and the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Waves Propagation.
As early as 2006, the Russian Space Systems company built a network of ground stations to monitor the ionosphere on the island of Sakhalin. Scientists analyzed changes in this upper layer of the atmosphere caused by seismic activity. Since that time, Russian satellites have more than once registered ionospheric disturbance ahead of earthquakes. Seven hours before the first tremors in Japan, scientists discovered similar anomalies over the site of the forthcoming disaster.
科学技術が発達し、未来予測がある程度可能になった分野が多い中で、地震の発生予知は未だもって確立できないでいます。地震大国の我が国の専門家・有識者諸氏におかれては、首都直下型地震や東海地震のみならず全国規模での予知技術の精度向上と予報の伝達手段の普及定着に関する研究の進展を大いに期待したいところです。
Space Japan Review 4 & 5
今回の取材を通じて、地震の「予知」はおろか、「予測」すら難しい、地震学の現状があるように思いました。専門家に「今後の影響」や「今後の余震や誘発地震の見通し」について聞くと、「そりゃ、占いだよ」「結構、微妙な話ね」という反応が多かったからです。
４月19日：Chinese satellite seeks to predict earthquakes (SciDev.Net）
Shen Xuhui, a senior researcher at the Institute of Earthquake Science, China Earthquake Administration (CEA), and leader of the CSES working group, said the satellite will eventually be connected to a larger observation system. China hopes to launch another two satellites by 2017 and begin predicting earthquakes from 2020.
Two days before Japan's earthquake last month, Chinese researchers detected abnormal electromagnetic signals in the area using ground-based systems, Shen told SciDev.Net. Following the earthquake, they analysed the signals and are sure these "have a close relationship" with the earthquake.
The project CONDOR UNAM MAI, developing the UNAM with Russia, Sweden and Poland, for the construction of a microsatellite for scientific purposes among which is the ionospheric monitoring, the study of seismic precursors and remote sensing.
The study base is located in a document of Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society, which establishes the theory that there are electrical and electromagnetic precursors from radon gas emission, electromagnetic field variations in atmospheric emission of electromagnetic radiation and even a modification electron content of the ionosphere.
４月15日：二つの大震災を直後に見た中国人研究者の話（地震工学会）
* 関連：中国の地震予知 ─世界で初の予知成功例─（長尾 年恭）
４月13日：QuakeFinder 2011 Introduction Video (Quakefinder)
QuakeFinder is the world's leading private research organization focused on creating a system for forecasting major earthquakes. Operating as a humanitarian R&D division of Stellar Solutions and funded by Stellar Solutions, by grants from NASA, subscriptions, and sponsorships from the public, QuakeFinder has developed the science, technology, infrastructure and expertise that are the foundation for a practical earthquake forecasting solution.
Russian specialists are just a few hours before the earthquake in Japan has information about the impending threat, said General Director of JSC "Russian space systems" Jury Urlichich
４月５日：Seimology Early Warning System Seminar (CITRIS)
"We found very conspicuous anomalies on the date of March 5 and 6, on particular path from Chofu to American transmitter NLK. And probably it must be a precursor to big huge earthquake," prof Hayakawa said.
３月28日：大震災４０分前上空の電子急増 チリ地震と類似「前兆か」
Meanwhile, head of Russia's Space Agency, Anatoly Perminov, suggested that a monitoring system which collects data from satellites could in the future predict disasters such as the tsunami in Japan.
“Computer centers will process all the data and distribute it to all the countries in the form of risk warnings, saying, for example, that an earthquake hazard will be high in several places around the globe in the next two weeks,” Perminov said. “So mankind will be ready for an earthquake.”
３月12日：No high-accuracy way to predict earthquakes – scientist (RT)
This paper presents an overview of ionospheric research satellite, carried out in Ukraine. The original review was written for the Institute's website where he posted a number of cuts. We present here the full article. In the first part of the outline of the history given to Ukrainian satellite projects, including a detailed description of the project "Warning", which, although it has not been implemented "in iron", formed the basis for future space projects.
３月３～４日：「地震及び火山噴火予知のための観測研究計画」成果報告シンポジウム
At the start of the European project Pre-Earthquakes "Processing Russian and European Studies Earth observations for Earthquake precursors, " which aims to improve the current knowledge on the phenomena of earthquakes preparation and consolidate European excellence and Russian in the observation and research in this important field.
Students of Indian Institute of Technology, Madras are developing a 10-kg nanosatellite that will be able to predict an earthquake six hours before it strikes.
The project was initiated by a group of students who were inspired by an idea of building a small satellite and launching it into orbit. Nithin Sivadas, a third year BTech (aerospace) student and one of the team members, told Deccan Chronicle that the nanosatellite would carry a high energy particle detector which will measure the energy spectrum and number of protons and electrons at low earth orbits (altitudes of 600-800 km).
Citing a recent study, another team member, Aanveeksha, said as an earthquake develops, very low frequency electromagnetic radiations of 1 Hz to 300 Hz are emitted from the earthquake hypocenter, the point within the earth’s crust where the fault movement or rupture actually occurs.
These electromagnetic waves travel through the ground, atmosphere and ionosphere to reach the inner Van-Allen radiation belt at 1,000 km. Real time data will be analysed to predict earthquakes, the team members say.
The team has prepared the conceptual design of the 10-kg nanosatellite estimated to be completed at a cost of Rs 2.5 crore. Prof. Santhakumar, a mentor at IIT-M’s aerospace department, pointed out that 40 students from electrical, mechanical, computer science and other departments were part of the project when it started a year ago.
“Officials of the Indian Space Research Organisation have completed a preliminary review of the project. We expect to complete the satellite in 2012, after which Isro will launch it,” he said.
“The TwinSat Project would involve two spacecrafts which would orbit the Earth about 400 kilometers apart and with instrumentation on board that would study the ionosphere from above,” Alan Smith explains.
“What we are looking for are signatures in the ionosphere which are precursors to earthquake phenomena and volcanic eruption phenomena,” all of them necessary for an earthquake prediction programme.
A special website will be set up to predict the probability of earthquakes around the world. Predictions could be made up to 10 days before the actual disaster, so when the alert for a certain region goes red, the authorities will have time to prepare and do whatever they can to properly act when it happens.
- Communication Satellite, Student Satellite and Electromagnetic Satellite Payload for Earthquake Prediction are other space technology related projects whose feasibility study is under progress.
- Not closing eyes to the Space Research areas, Research on Atmospheric Effects on Ka Band and Rain Attenuation Modeling, Research on Ionospheric Modeling through Study of Wave Propagation and Research on Determining Precursor Ionospheric Signatures of Earthquakes by Ground Based Ionospheric Sounding are some of the approved projects whose feasibility studies are in progress.
- this year in September, a Seminar on Earthquake Prediction using Space Technology will be organized in China.
The three months before 1995 Kobe earthquake (Mw. 6.8), we observed that anomalous atmospheric radon increased on one of the Rokko fault lines, which was the source of the earthquake. It has been our goal to reduce the risk to people caused by earthquakes by observing warning signs in radon anomalies. We apply a “critical phenomena model” to the radon data. The anomalous increase in atmospheric radon concentration is studied in detail using the thermodynamic theory on the time-dependent evolution of damage of stressed rock and crustal fluid dynamics prior to catastrophic failure or an earthquake. Effects of radon emissions on atmospheric electrical conditions and preseismic electromagnetic phenomena are discussed in terms of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. The radon data and other preseismic phenomena are linked to fluctuations in crustal strain before the earthquake. In this book, we show the observation of the atmospheric radon concentration is of great utility in the detection of preseismic anomalies. This book will be useful to students and researchers who are interested in precursor phenomena of earthquakes.
In February, NASA announced the award of a 3 year collaborative research agreement with QuakeFinder. We were awarded this grant based on our proposal to NASA’s Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES-2010) Earth Surface and Interior focus area. This funding will augment the existing financial support from Stellar Solutions and the Musk Foundation to continue QuakeFinder’s work in collecting and analyzing data from ground instruments in California and international locations. The NASA partnership will also add infra red (IR) monitoring of earthquake fault areas, using the GOES weather satellites, built by NASA and operated by NOAA
２月16日：測地学分科会（第22回） 議事録
Regarding earthquake prediction, the scientists in California are not observing any precursors because of special orientation of geological faults and nature of earthquakes. Because of this the US scientists are pessimistic about earthquake prediction research.
However, the scientists in Greece, Italy and China are observing many precursors which are helping in making models of earthquake predictions. The research in these countries gives hope that science may be developed in future for earthquake prediction.
Next, the spacewalkers will remove a plasma pulse generator on the port side of Zvezda that was part of an experiment to investigate disturbances and changes in the ionosphere from space station impulse plasma flow. The generator failed early on and will be covered, removed and returned inside the station.
The duo also will conduct the next Russian spacewalk, planned for Feb. 16. That spacewalk will focus on installation of two more scientific experiments on the Zvezda module. The first is called Radiometria, and is designed to collect information useful in seismic forecasts and earthquake predictions. The second is Molniya-Gamma, which will look at gamma splashes and optical radiation during terrestrial lightning and thunderstorm conditions using three sensors.
